Aluminium Recycling Terms Explained Plainly | 铝回收术语中英对照与解释
This page explains the words used across this site. It is written for readers who meet a term for the first time — an engineer from another field, a purchaser reading a specification, a student, or anyone checking what a word means here before relying on it. Each entry gives the Chinese name, the English name, and one plain sentence. Nothing here is a definition imposed by a standards body; these are working explanations, and where a term has more than one meaning in the industry, this page says so rather than picking one.
本页解释本站使用的词。写给第一次遇到某个词的人——来自其他行业的工程师、读规格书的采购、学生，或任何在采信之前想确认一个词在这里是什么意思的人。每条给出中文名、英文名，以及一句平实的解释。这里没有一项是标准机构强加的定义；它们是工作性解释。凡一个词在行业里有不止一种含义，本页如实说明，不代为挑选。
1. The metal itself
| 中文 | English | Plain explanation | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| 原生铝 / 电解铝 | Primary aluminium | Metal made from ore. Alumina is dissolved in a molten salt bath and split by electric current. The bond between aluminium and oxygen is broken, which is why it costs so much energy. | 从矿石中炼出的铝。氧化铝溶于熔盐后通电解离。铝与氧之间的化学键被打断，这正是它如此耗能的原因。 |
| 再生铝 / 二次铝 | Secondary aluminium | Metal made by melting scrap that is already aluminium. No chemical bond is broken — the metal is simply melted again. | 熔化已经是铝的废料得到的铝。不断开任何化学键，只是把金属重新熔化一次。 |
| 氧化铝 | Alumina (Al2O3) | The white powder refined from bauxite, and the feedstock for electrolysis. Also a ceramic material in its own right. | 从铝土矿提炼出的白色粉末，电解原料。本身也是一种陶瓷材料。 |
| 铝土矿 | Bauxite | The ore aluminium comes from. Mined, then refined into alumina by the Bayer process. | 铝的矿石。开采后经拜耳法提炼为氧化铝。 |
| 废铝 | Scrap | Aluminium-bearing material to be remelted. Ranges from clean factory offcuts to coated, painted or mixed assemblies — and this range is what decides how it must be processed. | 待重熔的含铝物料。从干净的工厂边角料到带涂层、油漆或混合装配件——正是这个范围决定了它必须怎么处理。 |
| 废铝（新/旧） | Pre-consumer / post-consumer scrap | New scrap never reached a user; old scrap did. Old scrap carries more coating, more mixed alloys and more unknown history. | 新废铝未曾到达用户手中；旧废铝到过。旧废铝带着更多涂层、更多混杂合金与更多未知来历。 |
2. The processes
| 中文 | English | Plain explanation | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| 拜耳法 | Bayer process | Chemical route from bauxite to alumina, using caustic soda under heat and pressure. | 从铝土矿到氧化铝的化学路线，在高温高压下用烧碱。 |
| 霍尔-埃鲁法 | Hall-Héroult process | The electrolysis route from alumina to metal, in a molten cryolite bath near 950–970 °C. Virtually all primary aluminium is made this way. | 从氧化铝到金属的电解路线，在约 950–970 ℃ 的熔融冰晶石中进行。几乎所有原铝都是这么生产的。 |
| 冰晶石 | Cryolite (Na3AlF6) | The molten salt in which alumina dissolves so that current can pass. | 氧化铝溶解于其中的熔盐，使电流得以通过。 |
| 阳极效应 | Anode effect | An upset in an electrolysis cell that releases perfluorocarbon gases. It is the reason primary smelting has a greenhouse gas that is not CO2. | 电解槽的一种工况失常，会释放全氟化碳气体。这是原铝冶炼存在非二氧化碳温室气体的原因。 |
| 重熔 | Remelting | Melting aluminium that is already metal, as opposed to reducing ore. | 熔化已经是金属形态的铝，与还原矿石相对。 |
| 铸造车间 | Casthouse | The part of a plant where molten metal is treated, alloyed and cast into ingot, billet or slab. Most melt refining happens here. | 工厂中对金属液进行处理、合金化并浇铸成锭、棒或扁坯的部分。多数熔体精炼在这里进行。 |
| 除气 | Degassing | Removing dissolved hydrogen by bubbling inert gas through the melt. The bubble carries the hydrogen out. | 通过向熔体鼓入惰性气体来脱除溶解氢。气泡把氢带出来。 |
| 过滤 | Filtration | Removing solid non-metallic particles by passing the melt through a ceramic foam filter. Removes solids; does not remove dissolved gas. | 让熔体通过陶瓷泡沫过滤板以去除固态非金属颗粒。去除固体，不去除溶解气体。 |
| 除镁 | Demagging | Removing excess magnesium, usually by chlorine or a solid flux. Magnesium accumulates in recycled metal because it cannot be removed by melting. | 去除过量镁，通常用氯气或固态熔剂。镁会在再生金属中累积，因为熔化本身除不掉它。 |
| 晶粒细化 | Grain refinement | Adding a master alloy so that the metal solidifies with fine, uniform grains rather than coarse ones. | 加入中间合金，使金属凝固后得到细小均匀的晶粒，而非粗大晶粒。 |
| 稀释 | Dilution | Bringing a composition back within specification by adding virgin metal or a cleaner alloy, rather than removing the unwanted element. | 通过加入原生金属或更干净的合金使成分回到规格范围内，而不是把不需要的元素除去。 |
3. Dross and residue
| 中文 | English | Plain explanation | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| 铝渣 / 铝灰 | Dross | The skin that forms on molten aluminium when it meets air — a mixture of oxide and trapped metal. Not rubbish: it usually contains recoverable metal. | 铝液接触空气时表面形成的皮——氧化物与包裹金属的混合物。不是垃圾：它通常含有可回收的金属。 |
| 白渣 | White dross | Dross from primary metal, low in salt, higher in recoverable aluminium. | 原铝产生的渣，含盐低，可回收铝较高。 |
| 黑渣 | Black dross | Dross from remelting scrap, darker, salt-bearing, more complex and harder to treat. | 重熔废铝产生的渣，颜色深、含盐、成分更复杂、更难处理。 |
| 盐饼 / 盐渣 | Salt cake / salt slag | What remains after salt-flux melting: salt, oxide and residual metal. Classified as hazardous in many jurisdictions. | 盐熔剂熔炼后的剩余物：盐、氧化物与残余金属。在许多辖区被列为危险废物。 |
| 二次铝灰 | Secondary aluminium dross | The residue left after the recoverable metal has largely been taken out. Lower in aluminium, and the material that regulation usually targets. | 可回收金属大体被取出后剩下的残渣。铝含量较低，通常是法规针对的对象。 |
| 氮化铝 | Aluminium nitride (AlN) | A compound in dross that reacts with water to give ammonia. This reaction is why dross must be kept dry. | 铝渣中的一种化合物，与水反应生成氨。铝渣必须保持干燥，正是因为这一反应。 |
| 无害化 | Detoxification | Treating a residue so that it no longer reacts, leaches or emits. In this field it usually means destroying or stabilising the nitride and removing soluble salts. | 处理残渣使其不再反应、浸出或释放。在本领域通常指破坏或稳定化氮化物，并去除可溶盐。 |
| 资源化 | Valorization | Turning a residue into something with a market — cement, refractory, chemicals. Distinct from merely disposing of it safely. | 把残渣变成有市场的东西——水泥、耐火材料、化工品。与仅仅安全处置不同。 |
| 盐基度 | Basicity | For polyaluminium chloride, the ratio of hydroxyl to aluminium, written as a percentage. It governs how well the flocculant performs. | 对聚合氯化铝而言，羟基与铝的当量之比，以百分数表示。它决定絮凝剂效果好坏。 |
4. Equipment
| 中文 | English | Plain explanation | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| 压渣机 / 压榨机 | Dross press | A machine that squeezes hot dross so that liquid metal drains back out, instead of staying trapped in the oxide. | 挤压热铝渣的机器，让金属液回流出来，而不是留在氧化物里。 |
| 炒灰机 | Dross stirrer /炒灰机 | A stirred vessel, common in smaller Chinese plants, that agitates hot dross to separate metal. Cheap to buy; produces heavy fume and wears its paddles. | 带搅拌的容器，中国中小型厂常见，搅动热铝渣以分离金属。购置便宜；烟气大、桨叶磨损快。 |
| 回转炉 | Rotary furnace | A rotating drum for melting and treating dross. Used with or without salt flux. | 用于熔化与处理铝渣的旋转滚筒。可用也可不用盐熔剂。 |
| 倾动回转炉（TRF） | Tilting rotary furnace | A rotary furnace that tilts to pour. Tilting allows slag and metal to be separated on discharge. | 可倾转倾倒的回转炉。倾转使出渣时渣与金属得以分离。 |
| 富氧燃烧 / 纯氧燃烧 | Oxy-fuel combustion | Burning fuel with oxygen instead of air. Without the nitrogen in air acting as a heat sink, flame temperature rises sharply. | 用氧气而非空气助燃。没有空气中氮气充当”吸热海绵”，火焰温度显著提高。 |
| 陶瓷泡沫过滤板（CFF） | Ceramic foam filter | A porous ceramic plate the melt flows through. Its pores are hundreds of micrometres across; it captures much smaller particles by impaction and adhesion, not by sieving. | 熔体流过的多孔陶瓷板。其孔径为数百微米量级；它靠撞击与粘附捕集小得多的颗粒，而非靠筛分。 |
| 孔密度（PPI） | Pores per inch | The grading number for a ceramic foam filter. Higher PPI means finer pores, better cleanliness and a greater drop in flow rate. | 陶瓷泡沫过滤板的分级编号。PPI 越高，孔越细，洁净度越好，流速下降也越大。 |
| 旋转喷吹精炼 | Rotary degassing / SNIF | A spinning rotor that breaks the purge gas into fine bubbles. Fine bubbles mean more surface area, which means faster hydrogen removal. | 把吹入气体打散成细泡的旋转转子。气泡越细，表面积越大，脱氢越快。 |
| 铝锭模 | Sow mould | The mould into which molten metal is cast for transport or remelting. | 浇铸金属液以便运输或重熔的模具。 |
| 扒渣 | Skimming | Removing the dross layer from the surface of the melt before further treatment. | 在后续处理前把熔体表面的渣层刮除。 |
5. Measurement
| 中文 | English | Plain explanation | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| 氢含量 | Hydrogen content | Dissolved hydrogen per unit of metal, usually mL/100 g Al. The standard measure of whether degassing worked. | 单位金属中溶解的氢，通常用 mL/100g Al。判断除气是否到位的标准量度。 |
| 夹杂物 | Inclusions | Solid non-metallic particles suspended in the melt — oxides, carbides, borides and the like. Counted, not weighed, by the instruments below. | 悬浮在熔体中的固态非金属颗粒——氧化物、碳化物、硼化物等。由下列仪器计数，而非称重。 |
| 双膜 | Bifilm | A folded oxide film entrained in the melt, with a layer of trapped gas between its two faces. Acts as a crack and as a site where other particles collect. | 卷入熔体的对折氧化膜，两面膜之间夹着一层气体。它既是裂纹，也是其他颗粒聚集的场所。 |
| LiMCA | Liquid Metal Cleanliness Analyser | An instrument that counts inclusions electrically as they pass through a small orifice. Gives a real-time count by size band. | 当夹杂通过一个小孔时以电学方法计数的仪器。按尺寸带给出实时计数。 |
| PoDFA | Porous Disc Filtration Apparatus | A laboratory method: a measured amount of melt is forced through a fine disc, and the residue on the disc is examined under a microscope. | 一种实验室方法：定量熔体被压过一张细孔盘，盘上残留物在显微镜下检查。 |
| 回收率 | Recovery rate | The share of input that comes out as usable metal. Always ask what the denominator is — metal recovered out of metal in the feed, or out of the whole feed mass including oxide and salt. The two differ substantially. | 进料中成为可用金属的比例。务必问清分母是什么——是进料中金属部分被回收的比例，还是包含氧化物与盐的整个进料质量的比例。两者差别很大。 |
6. Carbon, emissions and regulation
| 中文 | English | Plain explanation | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| 碳关税（CBAM） | Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism | An EU rule charging imports for the carbon emitted in making them. Aluminium is covered. Declarations count direct emissions; electricity is outside the boundary. | 欧盟对进口产品按其生产排放的碳收费的规则。铝在覆盖范围内。申报只计直接排放，电力在边界之外。 |
| 嵌入排放 | Embedded emissions | The emissions attributed to a product. Whatever the mechanism counts, that is what gets priced — not the full life-cycle footprint. | 归属于某个产品的排放。机制计什么，什么才被定价——不是完整的生命周期足迹。 |
| 默认值 | Default values | Fallback emission figures a declarant may use when verified actual data is not available. They are intentionally conservative. | 在缺少经核查的实际数据时，申报人可使用的兜底排放数值。它们有意偏保守。 |
| 前体 | Precursor | An input that is itself covered by the mechanism. Unwrought aluminium is the precursor of rolled and extruded products; its emissions are inherited downstream. | 本身受机制覆盖的投入品。未锻轧铝是轧制与挤压产品的前体，其排放被下游继承。 |
| 全氟化碳（PFC） | Perfluorocarbons | Gases released during anode effects. Their warming potential is thousands of times that of CO2, and the published factor differs by assessment report — so a PFC figure without a stated version cannot be compared across years. | 阳极效应期间释放的气体。其增温潜势是二氧化碳的数千倍，且已公布的系数因评估报告版本而异——因此不注明版本的 PFC 数字无法跨年比较。 |
| 循环足迹公式（CFF） | Circular Footprint Formula | A way of sharing the burden of recycling between the material that gives the scrap and the one that uses it. An allocation convention, not a physical measurement. | 在提供废料的那一方与使用它的那一方之间分配回收负担的一种方法。是分配约定，不是物理测量。 |
| 等效质量 | Equivalent mass | Certifying that a product corresponds to an equal mass of certified material, rather than tracing the same atoms. The accounts are matched, not the metal. | 证明某个产品对应于同等质量的认证材料，而非追溯同一批原子。对上的是账，不是金属。 |
| HW48 | HW48 class | A code in China’s National Hazardous Waste List covering non-ferrous metallurgical wastes, including several aluminium dross codes. A Chinese code, not an international one. | 中国《国家危险废物名录》中覆盖有色冶金废物的一类代码，含若干铝灰代码。是中国代码，不是国际代码。 |
| UN 3170 | UN 3170 | The transport classification for aluminium smelting by-products: Class 4.3, dangerous when wet. Contact with water may release hydrogen, ammonia and acetylene. | 铝冶炼副产品的运输分类：第 4.3 类，遇水危险。遇水可能释放氢气、氨气与乙炔。 |
7. Organisations
| 中文 | English | Plain explanation | 解释 |
|---|---|---|
| 国际铝业协会 | International Aluminium Institute (IAI) | The global body of primary aluminium producers. Publishes the industry’s reference statistics. | 全球原铝生产者的组织。发布行业参照性统计数据。 |
| 铝业管理倡议 | Aluminium Stewardship Initiative (ASI) | A certification scheme covering the chain of custody from mine through to fabricated product. | 覆盖从矿山到加工品监管链的认证体系。 |
| 国际回收局 | Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) | The global body of the recycling industry itself. Represents recyclers and traders, not producers. | 回收行业自身的全球组织。代表回收商与贸易商，而非生产者。 |
| 矿物、金属与材料学会 | TMS | A professional society. Its annual Light Metals proceedings are where much of this field’s peer-reviewed work appears. | 专业学会。其年度《Light Metals》论文集是本行业大量同行评议成果的发表之处。 |
| European Aluminium | European Aluminium | The body covering the whole European value chain. Not the same as EAFA, which covers foil and flexible packaging — a narrower field. | 覆盖欧洲全价值链的组织。不同于 EAFA，后者覆盖铝箔与软包装——一个更细分的领域。 |
8. How this page is maintained
- Terms are added when a page on this site uses one that a reader might reasonably not know.
- Where a word has competing meanings, both are given and this page does not choose.
- No definition here is issued as a standard. Where a formal definition exists, it belongs to the body that published it.
- Corrections follow the process set out in our Editorial Standards.
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中文版 · 铝回收术语中英对照与解释
本页解释本站使用的词。写给第一次遇到某个词的人——来自其他行业的工程师、读规格书的采购、学生，或任何在采信之前想确认一个词在这里是什么意思的人。每条给出中文名、英文名，以及一句平实的解释。这里没有一项是标准机构强加的定义；它们是工作性解释。凡一个词在行业里有不止一种含义，本页如实说明，不代为挑选。
1. 金属本身。原生铝 / 电解铝（Primary aluminium）——从矿石中炼出的铝，氧化铝溶于熔盐后通电解离，铝与氧之间的化学键被打断，这正是它如此耗能的原因。再生铝 / 二次铝（Secondary aluminium）——熔化已经是铝的废料得到的铝，不断开任何化学键，只是重新熔化一次。氧化铝（Alumina）——从铝土矿提炼出的白色粉末，电解原料，本身也是一种陶瓷材料。铝土矿（Bauxite）——铝的矿石，开采后经拜耳法提炼为氧化铝。废铝（Scrap）——待重熔的含铝物料，从干净的工厂边角料到带涂层、油漆或混合装配件；正是这个范围决定了它必须怎么处理。新废铝 / 旧废铝（Pre-consumer / post-consumer scrap）——新废铝未曾到达用户手中，旧废铝到过；旧废铝带着更多涂层、更多混杂合金与更多未知来历。
2. 工艺。拜耳法——从铝土矿到氧化铝的化学路线，高温高压下用烧碱。霍尔-埃鲁法——从氧化铝到金属的电解路线，约 950–970 ℃ 熔融冰晶石中进行，几乎所有原铝都这么生产。冰晶石——氧化铝溶解于其中的熔盐，使电流得以通过。阳极效应——电解槽的工况失常，释放全氟化碳气体，这是原铝冶炼存在非二氧化碳温室气体的原因。重熔——熔化已经是金属形态的铝，与还原矿石相对。铸造车间（Casthouse）——工厂中对金属液进行处理、合金化并浇铸成锭、棒或扁坯的部分，多数熔体精炼在此进行。除气（Degassing）——向熔体鼓入惰性气体脱除溶解氢，气泡把氢带出来。过滤（Filtration）——熔体通过陶瓷泡沫过滤板去除固态非金属颗粒，去除固体，不去除溶解气体。除镁（Demagging）——通常用氯气或固态熔剂去除过量镁；镁会在再生金属中累积，因为熔化本身除不掉它。晶粒细化——加入中间合金使凝固后得到细小均匀晶粒。稀释（Dilution）——加入原生金属或更干净的合金使成分回到规格范围，而不是把不需要的元素除去。
3. 铝渣与残渣。铝渣 / 铝灰（Dross）——铝液接触空气时表面形成的皮，氧化物与包裹金属的混合物；不是垃圾，通常含有可回收的金属。白渣——原铝产生的渣，含盐低，可回收铝较高。黑渣——重熔废铝产生的渣，颜色深、含盐、成分复杂、更难处理。盐饼 / 盐渣（Salt cake / salt slag）——盐熔剂熔炼后的剩余物，含盐、氧化物与残余金属，在许多辖区被列为危险废物。二次铝灰——可回收金属大体取出后剩下的残渣，铝含量较低，通常是法规针对的对象。氮化铝（AlN）——铝渣中与水反应生成氨的化合物，铝渣必须保持干燥正是因为这一反应。无害化（Detoxification）——处理残渣使其不再反应、浸出或释放；本领域通常指破坏或稳定化氮化物并去除可溶盐。资源化（Valorization）——把残渣变成有市场的东西（水泥、耐火材料、化工品），与仅仅安全处置不同。盐基度（Basicity）——聚合氯化铝中羟基与铝的当量之比，以百分数表示，决定絮凝效果。
4. 设备。压渣机 / 压榨机（Dross press）——挤压热铝渣使金属液回流的机器。炒灰机——带搅拌的容器，中国中小型厂常见，搅动热铝渣分离金属；购置便宜，烟气大、桨叶磨损快。回转炉——熔化与处理铝渣的旋转滚筒，可用也可不用盐熔剂。倾动回转炉（TRF）——可倾转倾倒的回转炉，倾转使出渣时渣与金属得以分离。富氧燃烧 / 纯氧燃烧（Oxy-fuel）——用氧气而非空气助燃；没有空气中氮气充当”吸热海绵”，火焰温度显著提高。陶瓷泡沫过滤板（CFF）——熔体流过的多孔陶瓷板，孔径数百微米量级，靠撞击与粘附捕集小得多的颗粒，而非靠筛分。孔密度（PPI）——陶瓷泡沫过滤板分级编号，PPI 越高孔越细、洁净度越好、流速下降越大。旋转喷吹精炼 / SNIF——把吹入气体打散成细泡的旋转转子，气泡越细表面积越大、脱氢越快。铝锭模（Sow mould）——浇铸金属液以便运输或重熔的模具。扒渣（Skimming）——后续处理前把熔体表面渣层刮除。
5. 测量。氢含量——单位金属中溶解的氢，通常用 mL/100g Al，判断除气是否到位的标准量度。夹杂物——悬浮在熔体中的固态非金属颗粒（氧化物、碳化物、硼化物等），由下列仪器计数而非称重。双膜（Bifilm）——卷入熔体的对折氧化膜，两面膜间夹着一层气体；既是裂纹，也是其他颗粒聚集的场所。LiMCA——夹杂通过小孔时以电学方法计数，按尺寸带给出实时计数。PoDFA——定量熔体压过细孔盘，盘上残留物在显微镜下检查的实验室方法。回收率——进料中成为可用金属的比例；务必问清分母是什么——是进料中金属部分被回收的比例，还是包含氧化物与盐的整个进料质量的比例，两者差别很大。
6. 碳、排放与法规。碳关税（CBAM）——欧盟对进口产品按其生产排放的碳收费的规则，铝在覆盖范围内；申报只计直接排放，电力在边界之外。嵌入排放——归属于某个产品的排放；机制计什么，什么才被定价，不是完整生命周期足迹。默认值——缺少经核查实际数据时申报人可使用的兜底排放数值，有意偏保守。前体——本身受机制覆盖的投入品；未锻轧铝是轧制与挤压产品的前体，其排放被下游继承。全氟化碳（PFC）——阳极效应期间释放的气体，增温潜势是二氧化碳的数千倍，已公布系数因评估报告版本而异，不注明版本的数字无法跨年比较。循环足迹公式（CFF）——在提供废料方与使用方之间分配回收负担的方法，是分配约定而非物理测量。等效质量——证明产品对应同等质量的认证材料而非追溯同一批原子，对上的是账不是金属。HW48——中国《国家危险废物名录》中覆盖有色冶金废物的一类代码，含若干铝灰代码；是中国代码，不是国际代码。UN 3170——铝冶炼副产品的运输分类，第 4.3 类遇水危险，遇水可能释放氢气、氨气与乙炔。
7. 机构。国际铝业协会（IAI）——全球原铝生产者的组织，发布行业参照性统计。铝业管理倡议（ASI）——覆盖从矿山到加工品监管链的认证体系。国际回收局（BIR）——回收行业自身的全球组织，代表回收商与贸易商而非生产者。矿物、金属与材料学会（TMS）——专业学会，其年度《Light Metals》论文集是本行业大量同行评议成果的发表之处。European Aluminium——覆盖欧洲全价值链的组织，不同于 EAFA（后者覆盖铝箔与软包装，领域更细分）。
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