Resources & Data | 资源与数据中心
Customs codes, hazardous waste classifications, standards, and primary sources
海关编码 · 危废归类 · 标准号 · 一手来源索引 · Last reviewed: 2026-10-30
This is the site’s single reference table. Codes and classifications used elsewhere on aluminiumrecycling.org are maintained here rather than restated per article, so that a figure quoted in one section remains comparable with the same figure in another. Where a code below is revised, this page is updated and the change is noted at the foot.
本页是全站唯一的参考总表。本站各处引用的编码与归类统一在此维护，而非逐篇重述，以确保同一数字在不同板块之间可比。下列编码若有修订，本页同步更新并在页脚注明。
1. Customs Codes: The Aluminium Chain
The Harmonized System is administered by the World Customs Organization (WCO) and applied by national customs authorities. It is not a WTO instrument. Codes are cited with their commodity description throughout this site, because codes are revised and the description is what fixes the meaning.
| HS Code | Commodity | 中文品名 / Note |
|---|---|---|
| 2606.00 | Bauxite, ores and concentrates | 铝矿砂及其精矿 · 上游起点 |
| 2818.20 | Aluminium oxide, other than artificial corundum | 氧化铝（人造刚玉除外）· 冶炼级氧化铝归此 |
| 2818.30 | Aluminium hydroxide | 氢氧化铝 · 锻烧前中间品 |
| 7601.10 / 7601.20 | Unwrought aluminium — non-alloy / alloy | 未锻轧铝 · CBAM 覆盖；7601.10.10 有单独默认值 |
| 7602.00 | Aluminium waste and scrap | 铝废碎料 · 再生铝原料基础 |
| 2620.40 | Slag, ash and residues containing mainly aluminium — incl. skimmings and aluminium ash | 主要含铝的矿渣、矿灰及残渣（含扒渣、铝灰） · 本站核心编码 |
HS 2620.40 is the code that matters most on this site. It is the heading under which aluminium dross and ash move across borders — and, depending on jurisdiction and intent, the same material may instead be classified as waste, or as hazardous waste. That ambiguity is documented in Insights & Trends.
1.1 Downstream Codes Referenced in CBAM Context
CBAM default values are published by CN code, and downstream aluminium products carry their own values distinct from unwrought metal. Codes appearing in published CBAM default value tables include:
| CN / HS | Product |
|---|---|
| 7603 | Aluminium powders and flakes — 铝粉及片状粉末 |
| 7604 | Aluminium bars, rods and profiles — 铝条、杆及型材 |
| 7606 | Aluminium plates, sheets and strip — 铝板、片及带 |
| 7607 | Aluminium foil — 铝箔 |
| 7608 | Aluminium tubes and pipes — 铝管 |
| 7616 99 10 | Aluminium castings — 铝铸件 |
Default values differ by code and by country of origin, and are revised on a published schedule. Values applying to a specific shipment must be read from the regulation in force — see Carbon Footprint & CBAM Compliance.
1.2 A Note on the Chain
Rules of origin schedules make the production sequence explicit: alumina under 2818.20 may be obtained from bauxite (heading 26.06) or from aluminium-bearing slag and ash (subheading 2620.40). The customs system therefore recognises residue as a legitimate feedstock. Whether a given jurisdiction permits that in practice is a regulatory question, not a tariff one.
2. Hazardous Waste Classification — China HW48
Under China’s national hazardous waste catalogue, aluminium dross and its treatment residues fall within category HW48 (non-ferrous metal smelting waste). The codes used throughout this site:
| Code | Waste | Hazard |
|---|---|---|
| 321-024-48 | Primary aluminium dross; salt slag and secondary dross arising from recovery | R, T |
| 321-026-48 | Secondary aluminium and fabrication dross; salt slag and secondary dross | R |
| 321-034-48 | Dust from flue-gas treatment of dross recovery and remelting | T, R |
R = Reactivity（反应性）, T = Toxicity（毒性）. The reactivity designation traces to ammonia release from aluminium nitride hydrolysis; see Technologies & Processes.
Classification is jurisdictional. The same material classified as hazardous under HW48 may be classified differently elsewhere — as a resource, as non-hazardous waste, or under another hazard code. Comparisons of treatment route viability across regions must begin from the local classification, not from the chemistry.
3. Standards Referenced on This Site
3.1 Product Standards
| Standard | Subject |
|---|---|
| GB/T 1196 | 重熔用铝锭 — specification for remelt aluminium ingots; applies to ingots produced from recovered metal |
| GB/T 201 | 铝酸盐水泥 — calcium aluminate cement |
| YB/T 4265 | 炼钢用预熔型铝酸钙 — premelted calcium aluminate for steelmaking |
| GB/T 29341 | 水处理剂用铝酸钙 — calcium aluminate for water treatment agents |
The three calcium aluminate standards are the reason residue-derived product is a specification question, not merely an environmental one: the same calcined output must meet different composition requirements depending on its intended use.
3.2 Environmental & Waste Standards
| Standard | Subject |
|---|---|
| GB 34330 | 固体废物鉴别标准 通则 — general rules for identification of solid waste |
| GB 5085.3 | 危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别 — identification standard for hazardous waste: leaching toxicity |
| HJ 1091 | 固体废物再生利用污染防治技术导则 — technical guideline on pollution prevention in solid waste recycling |
| HJ 662 | 水泥窑协同处置固体废物环境保护技术规范 — environmental technical specification for cement kiln co-processing |
| GB 18598 | 危险废物填埋污染控制标准 — pollution control standard for hazardous waste landfill |
Provincial implementing rules may set numeric thresholds under these frameworks — for example leaching limits cited in Henan’s aluminium dross licensing guidance of 100 mg/L for fluoride and 5 mg/L for cyanide. Such thresholds are jurisdictional and are cited with the issuing authority.
4. Associations & Institutions
| Body | What We Use It For |
|---|---|
| TMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society |
Publishes Light Metals, the annual proceedings of the symposia held at the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition — the definitive reference in aluminium production technology. Relevant symposia include Alumina & Bauxite, Aluminum Reduction Technology, Melt Processing, Casting and Recycling, and Recycling and Sustainability in Cast Shop Technology. Also publishes JOM, a peer-reviewed monthly. |
| IAI International Aluminium Institute |
Global production volumes and greenhouse gas emissions intensity datasets. The source for the sector-level intensity figures quoted on this site. |
| European Aluminium | Periodic Environmental Profile Report for the European value chain — the basis for European primary aluminium carbon footprint and recycling energy figures. |
| ASI Aluminium Stewardship Initiative |
Operates two standards: the Performance Standard (responsible production) and the Chain of Custody Standard (responsible sourcing, mass-balance based). Certification audit reports are a useful primary source for plant configuration — number and type of furnaces, casting lines and capacity — because they are third-party verified. Note: CoC certification is voluntary for members but mandatory for any entity making product-related claims. |
| ICSOBA International Committee for Study of Bauxite, Alumina & Aluminium |
Conference and proceedings covering the bauxite–alumina–aluminium chain. Relevant to the upstream content. |
| USGS | Mineral commodity summaries — the source for global bauxite reserve and production figures. |
5. Conference Literature & Trade Press
| Publication | Character |
|---|---|
| Light Metals (annual, TMS/Springer) | Peer-reviewed proceedings; volume editors rotate annually. Primary venue for dross processing and casthouse technology papers. |
| JOM | Peer-reviewed monthly of TMS. Venue for the 1991 Alcan inert gas dross cooling paper cited on this site. |
| Light Metal Age | Trade magazine, first published May 1943, bi-monthly, covering primary production through casthouse to downstream fabrication. Trade press — used to identify developments, not to establish parameters. |
| Aluminium International Today | Global trade magazine across the aluminium value chain. |
| Fastmarkets / Recycling Today | Market pricing, scrap supply and recycling industry reporting. |
Per the Editorial Standards, trade press occupies the lowest source tier: it is used to identify developments, never as the sole basis for a technical parameter.
6. Patent Databases
Different registries answer different questions. Use the right one:
| Registry | Best Used For |
|---|---|
| Google Patents | First-pass retrieval. Broad coverage including CNIPA records with machine translation. Searchable by assignee, inventor and classification code. Good for finding; not authoritative for text. |
| Espacenet / EPO | Patent families and legal status. The right tool for determining whether protection remains in force, and where. |
| WIPO Patentscope | PCT applications and international-phase documents. |
| USPTO | Authoritative full text for US filings; also the source for cited prior art within US patents. |
| CNIPA | Authoritative full text for Chinese filings. |
Three rules we apply to every patent citation.
- Cited by publication number, applicant and publication date — filing date too, where it differs.
- Machine-translated claims are never quoted as original text.
- Legal status is stated with the date it was checked. Expired protection is not freedom to operate — a family may remain in force elsewhere. This site states facts about filings; it does not give legal opinions.
7. Statistical Sources
- USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries — bauxite reserves and mine production by country. Revised annually.
- National customs authorities — trade volumes by HS code. Chinese customs data is used on this site for bauxite import concentration.
- UN Comtrade — bilateral trade statistics aggregated from national submissions; useful where a national source is not directly accessible.
- IAI / European Aluminium — production and emissions intensity at sector and regional level.
All of these are revised on published schedules. Figures on this site carry a review date and are stated as at that date.
8. Units & Conventions
| Item | Convention on This Site |
|---|---|
| Mass | Tonnes (t) = metric tons. Mt = million tonnes; Gt = billion tonnes. Short tons and long tons are not used without explicit statement. |
| Temperature | Degrees Celsius (°C). Where a source is in °F, the conversion is shown alongside. |
| Composition | Stated as wt% or mol% — never as a bare percentage, because the two differ for the same mixture. |
| Emissions | t CO2e per tonne of product, with the system boundary named. |
| Energy | kWh per tonne where the source is electrical; stated separately from fuel energy. |
| Force | Press capacity in tonnes-force, with kN shown where the source gives it. |
A recurring caution:NaCl–KCl salt compositions are quoted both as 70:30 by weight and 50:50 molar. These are different mixtures. Both appear on this site, always with the basis stated.
9. Maintenance
This page is the site’s reference of record for codes and classifications. It is reviewed when any underlying instrument changes — an HS revision, a catalogue revision, a standard supersession — rather than on a fixed calendar, because the instruments change on their own schedules. Changes are noted below.
Corrections and additions: research@aluminiumrecycling.org. See Editorial Standards for how submissions are handled.
Revision log. Initial publication 2026-10-30.
中文摘要 · 资源与数据中心
本页定位：全站唯一的参考总表。本站各处引用的编码与归类统一在此维护，而非逐篇重述，以确保同一数字在不同板块之间可比。编码若有修订，本页同步更新并在页脚注明。
1. 海关编码（铝产业链）。协调制度由世界海关组织（WCO）管理、各国海关实施，非 WTO 文件；本站引用时始终连同商品描述，因为编码会修订而描述才固定含义。链条：2606.00 铝矿砂及其精矿 → 2818.20 氧化铝（人造刚玉除外）、2818.30 氢氧化铝 → 7601.10/20 未锻轧铝（CBAM 覆盖）→ 7602.00 铝废碎料；2620.40 主要含铝的矿渣、矿灰及残渣（含扒渣、铝灰）为本站核心编码——铝灰渣跨境流动归此，而依不同法域与意图，同一物料也可能被归为废物或危险废物。CBAM 语境下另有下游编码：7603 铝粉、7604 铝条杆型材、7606 铝板片带、7607 铝箔、7608 铝管、7616 99 10 铝铸件，各按 CN 编码适用各自的默认值。
一点值得注意：原产地规则税则明确，2818.20 氧化铝可由品目 26.06（铝土矿）或子目 2620.40（含铝渣灰）制得——海关体系本身承认残渣可作为合法原料。但某一法域在实践上是否允许，是监管问题而非税则问题。
2. 中国危废 HW48 归类。321-024-48（原铝铝灰渣及回收过程盐渣、二次铝灰；R、T）、321-026-48（再生铝及加工铝灰渣及其盐渣、二次铝灰；R）、321-034-48（铝灰回收与再生烟气治理粉尘；T、R）。R 为反应性、T 为毒性——反应性源自氮化铝水解释放氨。归类是法域性的：在 HW48 下被列为危废的同一物料，在其他法域可能被归为资源、非危废或适用其他危害代码；跨区域比较处理路线的可行性，必须从当地归类出发，而非从化学性质出发。
3. 标准号。产品类：GB/T 1196 重熔用铝锭（回收金属铸锭亦适用）、GB/T 201 铝酸盐水泥、YB/T 4265 炼钢用预熔型铝酸钙、GB/T 29341 水处理剂用铝酸钙——三个铝酸钙标准正说明残渣制成品是规格问题而非仅环保问题，同一煅烧产物因用途不同须满足不同成分要求。环保类：GB 34330 固体废物鉴别标准通则、GB 5085.3 浸出毒性鉴别、HJ 1091 固体废物再生利用污染防治技术导则、HJ 662 水泥窑协同处置固体废物环境保护技术规范、GB 18598 危险废物填埋污染控制标准。省级实施细则可能设定数值门槛，如河南省铝灰经营许可要点中引用的氟化物浸出液 100 mg/L、氰化物 5 mg/L——此类门槛具有法域性，引用时须连同发布机关。
4. 协会与机构。TMS（出版《Light Metals》年会论文集，为铝生产技术的权威参考；相关分会含 Alumina & Bauxite、Aluminum Reduction Technology、Melt Processing, Casting and Recycling、Recycling and Sustainability in Cast Shop Technology；另出版同行评审月刊 JOM）、IAI（全球产量与温室气体排放强度数据集）、欧洲铝协（定期《环境概况报告》，为欧洲原铝碳足迹与再生能耗数据的依据）、ASI（绩效标准与监管链标准并行，后者基于质量平衡；认证审核报告是工厂配置的良好一手来源——炉型与数量、铸造线、产能均经第三方核实；注意：监管链认证对会员自愿，但对作出产品相关声明的企业为强制）、ICSOBA（覆盖铝土矿—氧化铝—铝链）、USGS（矿产商品摘要，全球铝土矿储量与产量来源）。
5. 会议文献与行业媒体。Light Metals（TMS/Springer 年会论文集，同行评审，编辑逐年轮换）、JOM（TMS 同行评审月刊，本站引用的 1991 年 Alcan 惰性气体冷却论文即发表于此）、Light Metal Age（1943 年 5 月创刊，双月刊，覆盖从原铝到铸造车间直至下游加工）、Aluminium International Today、Fastmarkets / Recycling Today。依文献引用标准，行业媒体处最低来源层级，仅用于识别动态，绝不作为技术参数的唯一依据。
6. 专利数据库（各司其职）。Google Patents 初检（含 CNIPA 记录与机翻，可按申请人、发明人、分类号检索；适合查找，非文本权威）、Espacenet/EPO 查同族与法律状态（判断保护是否仍有效及在何处有效的最佳工具）、WIPO Patentscope 查 PCT、USPTO 美国全文权威并可见美专引用在先技术、CNIPA 中国全文权威。三条通则：按公开号、申请人、公开日引用（申请日不同时并列）；机翻权利要求绝不作为原文引用；法律状态须随附核查日期，保护期届满不等于可自由实施——同族可能在他国仍有效，本站只陈述申请事实，不出具法律意见。
7. 统计来源。USGS 矿产商品摘要（铝土矿储量与产量，逐年修订）、各国海关（按 HS 编码的贸易量；本站铝土矿进口集中度采用中国海关数据）、UN Comtrade（双边贸易统计，适用于无法直接获取国别来源时）、IAI 与欧洲铝协（行业与区域层面的产量与排放强度）。均按公布日程修订，本站数字附复核日期。
8. 单位与约定。质量用公吨（t），Mt 为百万吨、Gt 为十亿吨，短吨与长吨未经明确说明不使用；温度用 °C，来源为 °F 时并列换算值；成分须标明 wt% 或 mol%，绝不用裸百分比（同一混合物两种基准数值不同）；排放为吨 CO₂e/吨产品并载明系统边界；能源在来源为电力时用 kWh/吨，与燃料能源分列；压力用吨力，来源给出 kN 时并列。须反复提醒：NaCl–KCl 盐配比既有 70:30 质量比、也有 50:50 摩尔比的口径，二者是不同的混合物；本站同时出现时必载明基准。
9. 维护。本页是全站编码与归类的记录基准，在底层文件变更时复核（HS 修订、名录修订、标准被取代），而非按固定日历——因为这些文件按自己的日程变动。变更在页脚记录。更正与补充：research@aluminiumrecycling.org，处理流程见学术与文献引用标准。修订记录：2026-10-30 首发。